Posted by
Rich on Wednesday, June 11, 2008 8:39:24 PM
This
article consists of excerpts from a recently declassified intelligence
assessment from Canada's Integrated Threat Assessment Center written on
June 29, 2007.
A "lone wolf" is an individual who is
inspired by a terrorist ideology or organization to conduct attacks,
but acts independently, without established ties or accountability.
Lone wolves do not associate with fellow-conspirators.
The
Internet has become an important catalyst for inspiring homegrown
extremists, including "lone wolves", by providing ideological
motivation, encouragement, justification, target information, and
instruction on techniques, all in an anonymous environment. Lone wolves
motivated by Islamist extremism are a new concern. Several incidents
carried out or planned by these extremist-inspired individual attackers
have occurred in the US.
For the purpose of this assessment, a
"lone wolf" is an individual who is inspired by a terrorist ideology or
organization to conduct independent attacks. They may receive support
from friends, but plan and conduct the attack alone. Lone wolves in
North America have traditionally taken their inspiration from
right-wing groups, single-issue causes, or national liberation
movements. Lone wolves motivated by Islamic extremism are a recent
development. Islamist terrorist strategists are now advocating that
Muslims take action at a grassroots level, without waiting for
instructions. Non-ideological factors, such as personal revenge, greed
or coercion, do not appear to be motivators.
Lone-wolf attacks
stem from the strategy of Leaderless Resistance (LR). LR emphasizes
having no organizational structure and no formalized leadership. Small
cells, or individuals, are self-sustaining, driven by ideology and
capable of independent judgement and action. Fictionalized scenarios of
LR, written by right-wing theorist William Pierce in his books, The
Turner Diaries and Hunter, inspired lone wolves. Scenarios described in
Hunter were later acted out by individuals such as:
Timothy McVeigh (1995 bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City - 168 killed, hundreds injured)
Eric
Robert Rudolph (1996 Atlanta Olympic bomber, also targeted abortion
providers and gay bars, killing two and injuring over 100)
James Kopp (targeted abortion providers, killing one doctor in Amherst, New York)
Bufford Furrow (targeted a Jewish community centre in Los Angeles, killing one and injuring five)
Right-wing
"lone wolves" have also attempted to obtain and use chemical and
biological agents in their attacks. In April 2006, white supremacist
Demetrius "Van" Crocker was convicted of trying to obtain Sarin nerve
gas and C-4 explosives, which he intended to use against black
residents in Jackson, Tennessee.
Extremists motivated by single
issues such as the environment or the animal rights movement have also
adopted the lone-wolf strategy. Radicals within these two movements
have claimed responsibility for more than $100 million in damage in
North America during the past two decades. Activists can become part of
the eco-terror movement simply by carrying out an illegal action on its
behalf. David Barbarash, a supporter of the Canadian Animal Liberation
Front (ALF), claimed that the ALF "is not a group or a club that you
can join, but a concept which is only realized when an action takes
place under that name". Modeled after ALF, the Earth Liberation Front
(ELF) consists of people described on its website as "anonymous not
only to the public but also to one another".
Growing Regard for Lone-wolf Tactics among Islamist Extremists
Similar
to the shift that occurred in right-wing groups to lone wolves and
small cells, the success of counterterrorism security forces against AQ
and its affiliates may be bringing about another evolution in Islamist
extremist strategy. Islamist extremists now promote a model that
encourages independent, grassroots extremists to conduct their own
attacks.
One of the most important advocates of acts of
terrorism carried out by small, autonomous cells or individuals is Abu
Musab al-Suni (Mustafa bin Abd al-Qadir Setmariam Nasar), a prominent
terrorist lecturer, trainer and military instructor. In his book The
Call for an International Islamic Resistance, al-Suni outlined a
strategy for a global conflict on as many fronts as possible and taking
the form of resistance by small cells or individuals, rather than
traditional guerrilla warfare. To avoid penetration and defeat by
security forces, he advised that organizational links be kept to an
absolute minimum.
Other more anonymous calls for spontaneous
Islamist extremist action (which may include lone-wolf attacks) appear
on the Internet. For instance, in a 2003 article on a extremist
Internet forum, Sada al Jihad (Echoes of Jihad), Usama bin Laden
sympathizers were encouraged to take action without waiting for
instructions.
As a subset of homegrown Islamist terrorism in
North America, lone-wolf attacks or planned attacks seem to be on the
increase. Several such cases have been recorded since 9/11:
Extremists
and terrorists worldwide use the Internet for a variety of purposes.
For the lone wolf, it provides instruction and provides inspiration and
motivation, all within an anonymous environment.
Islamist
extremist web sites offer not only theoretical and religious
instruction but also practical on-line training courses that urge
visitors to take action on their own. For example, the comprehensive
Encyclopedia of Preparation for Jihad is available online.
Professional, video-formatted instructional materials detailing various
explosive manufacturing recipes have also begun to circulate widely on
the web in the past two years, along with at least 22 other separate
audio-visual terrorist manuals.
Lone-wolf Attacks in Canada
So
far there have been no Islamist-inspired lone-wolf attacks in Canada.
However, a number of lone-wolf and small-cell attacks motivated by
other causes have occurred since the 1970s. Ideologies motivating
attacks in Canada are primarily: race-based hate; eco-terrorism; animal
rights; and the anti-abortion movement. Political and religiously
motivated issues in the Sikh, Armenian and Sri Lankan communities,
stemming from their countries of origin, have also inspired lone-wolf
attacks. The religiously motivated "Sons of Freedom" Doukhobors have
inspired uniquely Canadian lone wolves. Canada has been named on at
least four occasions, by AQ or its affiliates, as a legitimate target.
Further, in June 2006, Canadian police and security forces disrupted an
AQ-inspired homegrown cell (the Toronto 17).
ITAC Assessment
Lone
wolves act without established ties or accountability to leadership. As
they are self initiating and carry out their attacks individually,
The
Internet is helpful to an individual who may be preparing to conduct a
lone-wolf attack, providing ideological motivation, encouragement,
justification, all within an anonymous environment.